report to the WHO commission on social determinants of health from the knowledge network on urban settings

1. INTRODUCTION
2. URBANIZATION AND THE URBAN SETTING AS HEALTH DETERMINANTS
2.1 Urbanization in a global context
2.2 Slum formation with rapid urbanization
2.3 A conceptual framework for urban health
2.4 The economics of urban health development
2.5 Poverty, deprived urban living conditions and health vulnerability
2.6 Healthy urban governance
3. THE URBAN HEALTH SITUATION
3.1 Burden of disease and communicable diseases
3.2 Injuries and violence
3.3 Mental health and substance abuse
3.4 Noncommunicable diseases and nutritional disorders
4. KEY ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN ACHIEVING HEALTH EQUITY
4.1 Environmental health threats in the home and neighbourhood
4.2 Environmental health threats in the wider urban area
4.3 Health threats at work
4.4 Urban health impacts of global resource depletion and environmental change
4.5 Health care systems and emergency services
4.6 Gender and women's health equity issues 4.7 Other vulnerable groups.
5. A BROAD SPECTRUM OF INTERVENTIONS
5.1 Building trust, social capital and social cohesion
5.2 A range of specific interventions
5.3 Interventions through primary health care
5.4 Conditional cash transfers: global social welfare support
5.5 Healthy Settings and Healthy Cities approaches to interventions
5.6 Urban development planning and investment to avoid new slum formation
5.7 Good governance bringing together all interventions
6. APPROACHES AND POLICIES TO MAKE INTERVENTIONS HAPPEN
6.1 Toward an Integrated approach to reducing health inequity
6.2 Health, a rallying point for achieving improved life quality
6.3 Microfinance and local investment
6.4 The global investments required for health equity 6.5 A fairer distribution of resources for health
7. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 7.1 The urban setting as a health determinant
7.2 The urban health situation
7.3 Key issues and concepts of health equity impacts
7.4 A broad spectrum of interventions 7.5 Approaches and policies to make interventions happen
ENDNOTES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
LIST OF TABLES
Main Report
1 Infant and under-five mortality rates in Nairobi, Kenya, Sweden and Japan
2 Five steps in developing interventions for health equity in urban settings
3 Proportion of people without adequate provision for water and
sanitation in urban areas, 2000
4 Major risk factors of unhealthy living conditions
5 Estimated annual additional cost (above current foreign aid) of implementing the MDGs by 2015
Endnotes
A1 Population living in slums, 2001 estimates
A2 Infant mortality for the years 1950 and 2000 in Chile, rural versus urban
A3 Deprivations associated with urban poverty and
their immediate external causes.
A4 Ten leading causes of burden of disease, by region, 2001
A5 Infant and child mortality rates for urban and
rural populations in selected countries
A6 Homicide rates per 100 000 population in cities of Latin America
LIST OF FIGURES
Main Report
1 Urban slum incidence in countries, 2001
2 Under-5 mortality rates in Africa
3 Percentage of urban population living in slums, 2001
4 Annual growth rate of urban people living in slums, 1990-2001
5 A conceptual framework for urban health
6 Association between nations' level of urbanization and average per capita income, 2000/2001
7 HIV prevalence (%) by urban/rural residence for selected sub-Saharan African countries
8 Proportion of urban poor and rich using solid fuels in the household, 2003
Endnotes
A1 Relationship between national GDP/capita and life expectancy in all countries
A2 Relationship between GDP/capita and life expectancy in six countries, linear scales
A3 Deprivations associated with urban poverty and their immediate external causes
LIST OF BOXES
Main Report
1 The development of housing in Singapore
2 Urbanization makes infant health intervention easier in Chile
3 Decentralization and the health system in China
4 Slum upgrading in Thailand
5 Example of an urban cash transfer programme in Mozambique
6 Supporting grassroots-driven improvements: the International Urban Poor Fund